@article{barbeitoEffectivenessNonpharmaceuticalInterventions2023,
 abstract = {We estimated the association between the level of restriction in nine different fields of activity and SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility in Spain, from 15 September 2020 to 9 May 2021.              A stringency index (0--1) was created for each Spanish province ( n=\,50) daily. A hierarchical multiplicative model was fitted. The median of coefficients across provinces (95% bootstrap confidence intervals) quantified the effect of increasing one standard deviation in the stringency index over the logarithmic return of the weekly percentage variation of the 7-days SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence, lagged 12\,days.                Overall, increasing restrictions reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission by 22% (RR\,=\,0.78; one-sided 95%CI: 0, 0.82) in 1 week, with highest effects for culture and leisure 14% (0.86; 0, 0.98), social distancing 13% (0.87; 0, 0.95), indoor restaurants 10% (0.90; 0, 0.95) and indoor sports 6% (0.94; 0, 0.98). In a reduced model with seven fields, culture and leisure no longer had a significant effect while ceremonies decreased transmission by 5% (0.95; 0, 0.96).  Increased restrictions decreased COVID-19 transmission. Limitations include remaining collinearity between fields, and somewhat artificial quantification of qualitative restrictions, so the exact attribution of the effect to specific areas must be done with caution.},
 author = {Barbeito, Inés and Precioso, Daniel and Sierra, María José and Vegas-Azcárate, Susana and Fernández Balbuena, Sonia and Vitoriano, Begoña and Goméz-Ullate, David and Cao, Ricardo and Monge, Susana and the Study Group for Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions in Spain},
 doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2023.1061331},
 file = {/Users/david/Zotero/storage/9DRENF7R/Barbeito et al. - 2023 - Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions in nine fields of activity to decrease SARS-CoV-2.pdf},
 issn = {2296-2565},
 journal = {Frontiers in Public Health},
 month = {April},
 pages = {1061331},
 title = {Effectiveness of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions in Nine Fields of Activity to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission (Spain, September 2020--May 2021)},
 urldate = {2025-10-19},
 volume = {11},
 year = {2023}
}